K
knutinh
Gjest
Relevant for det Espen R er inne på:
Loudspeakers and Rooms for Sound Reproduction - A Scientific Review, Floyd E. Toole, J. Audio Eng. Soc. 2006 february 17
Dette er en oversikt over nåværende "state of the art". Her er mange gullkorn, men jeg er ikke sikker på hvor mye jeg kan og gidder å skrive av =)
"The physical measures with which acousticians evaluate the performance of rooms have evolved in large performance spaces - concert halls. They rely on assumptions that become preogressively less valid as space gets smaller and more acoustically absorbtive. In listening rooms the loudspeakers and the romms interact differently below and above a transition region around 300 Hz, similar to the Schroeder frequency in large rooms. Above this transition we need to understand our reactions to reflected sounds; below it the modal behaviour of the space is the dominant factor. A review of the scientific literature reveals that natural reflections in small rooms are at levels where they are perceptible, and their subjectively judged effects range from neutral to positive. At low frequencies the long-standing problem of room-resonances can be alleviated substantially through the use of multiple subwoofers, thereby providing similarly good bass to several listeners in a room. A provocative observation has to do with human adaptation to the complexities of reflective rooms, and the extent to which it allows us to localize sounds correctly in direction and distance, and to hear much of the true timbral nature of sound sources. In the case of loudspeakers, an anlysis of comprehensive anechoic data is found to be sufficient to provide a good prediction of sound quality, above the low-bass frequencies, as subjectively judged in a normal room. Although the interactions of loudspeakers and listeners in small rooms are becoming clearer, there are still gaps in our understanding. A number of these are identified and are good oppurtunities for further research"
0 INTRODUCTION
1 A PERSPECTIVE ON SOUND FIELDS IN ROOMS
1.1 Acoustical and Psychoacoustical Sense of Scale
1.2 Diffuse-field Theory - Large Rooms
1.3 Offices and Industrial Spaces
1.4 Domestic Listening Rooms and Control Rooms
1.4.1 Measuring the Lack of Diffusion
1.5 Interim Summary of Small-Room Acoustics
1.5.1 What is a Small Room?
1.5.2. Value of Conventional Acoustical Measures in Small Listening Rooms
2 AUDIBLE EFFECTS OF REFLECTIONS - A SURVEY
2.1 Effects on Localization (Direction) - The PRecedence Effect
2.2 Effects of Localization (Distance)
2.3 Effects on Image Size and Position
2.4 Effects on the Sense of Space
2.5 Effects on Timbre - Comb filtering, Repetition Pitch
2.6 Effects on Timbre - Audibility of Resonances
2.7 Effects on Speech Intelligibility
3 AUDIBLE EFFECTS OF A SINGLE REFLECTION - EXPERIMANTAL RESULTS WITH SPEECH
3.1 Localisation
3.2 Disturbance of Speech by REflections
3.3 Effects of Single Reflections on Intelligibility
3.4 Effects of Single Reflections on Listener Preferences of Sound Quality
3.4.1 Detailed Look at what Contributes to Preference in this Context
4. EFFECT OF MULTIPLE REFLECTIONS - MOVING CLOSER TO REALITY
4.1 A Reflection among Other Reflections
4.2 Multiple Reflections
5 EFFECTS OF REFLECTIONS - A SUMMARY
5.1 Speech
5.2 Other Sounds
5.3 Sound Reproduction Presents More Opportunities for Research
6 ADAPTATION
7 ONE ROOM, TWO SOUND FIELDS
7.1 Above the Transition Frequency
7.1.1 Correlations between Subjective and Objective Domains
7.1.1 Attenuating, Reflecting and Scattering Indirect Sounds
7.2 Below the Transition Frequency
7.2.1 Room Modes, Room Dimensions, Ideal Rooms, and So On
7.2.2 Sound-Field Management - Taking Control of the Room at Low Frequencies
8 WITHIN THE TRANSITION REGION
9 DISCUSSION AND SUMMARY
9.1 Diffuse-Field Concepts
9.2 The Sound-Field
9.2.1 Above the Transition Frequency
9.2.2 Below the Transition Frequency
9.2.3 Within the Transition Frequency Region
9.3 Adaptation
10 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
11 REFERENCES
-k
Loudspeakers and Rooms for Sound Reproduction - A Scientific Review, Floyd E. Toole, J. Audio Eng. Soc. 2006 february 17
Dette er en oversikt over nåværende "state of the art". Her er mange gullkorn, men jeg er ikke sikker på hvor mye jeg kan og gidder å skrive av =)
"The physical measures with which acousticians evaluate the performance of rooms have evolved in large performance spaces - concert halls. They rely on assumptions that become preogressively less valid as space gets smaller and more acoustically absorbtive. In listening rooms the loudspeakers and the romms interact differently below and above a transition region around 300 Hz, similar to the Schroeder frequency in large rooms. Above this transition we need to understand our reactions to reflected sounds; below it the modal behaviour of the space is the dominant factor. A review of the scientific literature reveals that natural reflections in small rooms are at levels where they are perceptible, and their subjectively judged effects range from neutral to positive. At low frequencies the long-standing problem of room-resonances can be alleviated substantially through the use of multiple subwoofers, thereby providing similarly good bass to several listeners in a room. A provocative observation has to do with human adaptation to the complexities of reflective rooms, and the extent to which it allows us to localize sounds correctly in direction and distance, and to hear much of the true timbral nature of sound sources. In the case of loudspeakers, an anlysis of comprehensive anechoic data is found to be sufficient to provide a good prediction of sound quality, above the low-bass frequencies, as subjectively judged in a normal room. Although the interactions of loudspeakers and listeners in small rooms are becoming clearer, there are still gaps in our understanding. A number of these are identified and are good oppurtunities for further research"
0 INTRODUCTION
1 A PERSPECTIVE ON SOUND FIELDS IN ROOMS
1.1 Acoustical and Psychoacoustical Sense of Scale
1.2 Diffuse-field Theory - Large Rooms
1.3 Offices and Industrial Spaces
1.4 Domestic Listening Rooms and Control Rooms
1.4.1 Measuring the Lack of Diffusion
1.5 Interim Summary of Small-Room Acoustics
1.5.1 What is a Small Room?
1.5.2. Value of Conventional Acoustical Measures in Small Listening Rooms
2 AUDIBLE EFFECTS OF REFLECTIONS - A SURVEY
2.1 Effects on Localization (Direction) - The PRecedence Effect
2.2 Effects of Localization (Distance)
2.3 Effects on Image Size and Position
2.4 Effects on the Sense of Space
2.5 Effects on Timbre - Comb filtering, Repetition Pitch
2.6 Effects on Timbre - Audibility of Resonances
2.7 Effects on Speech Intelligibility
3 AUDIBLE EFFECTS OF A SINGLE REFLECTION - EXPERIMANTAL RESULTS WITH SPEECH
3.1 Localisation
3.2 Disturbance of Speech by REflections
3.3 Effects of Single Reflections on Intelligibility
3.4 Effects of Single Reflections on Listener Preferences of Sound Quality
3.4.1 Detailed Look at what Contributes to Preference in this Context
4. EFFECT OF MULTIPLE REFLECTIONS - MOVING CLOSER TO REALITY
4.1 A Reflection among Other Reflections
4.2 Multiple Reflections
5 EFFECTS OF REFLECTIONS - A SUMMARY
5.1 Speech
5.2 Other Sounds
5.3 Sound Reproduction Presents More Opportunities for Research
6 ADAPTATION
7 ONE ROOM, TWO SOUND FIELDS
7.1 Above the Transition Frequency
7.1.1 Correlations between Subjective and Objective Domains
7.1.1 Attenuating, Reflecting and Scattering Indirect Sounds
7.2 Below the Transition Frequency
7.2.1 Room Modes, Room Dimensions, Ideal Rooms, and So On
7.2.2 Sound-Field Management - Taking Control of the Room at Low Frequencies
8 WITHIN THE TRANSITION REGION
9 DISCUSSION AND SUMMARY
9.1 Diffuse-Field Concepts
9.2 The Sound-Field
9.2.1 Above the Transition Frequency
9.2.2 Below the Transition Frequency
9.2.3 Within the Transition Frequency Region
9.3 Adaptation
10 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
11 REFERENCES
-k